Plan de gestión sostenible del recurso micológico
Se elaborará una guía sencilla para la gestión y el aprovechamiento sostenible de los hongos silvestres de interés, seleccionando aquellas especies con mayor potencial (económico y gastronómico) asociadas a las diferentes masas forestales, diseñando los planes de gestión de manera participativa y realizando acciones demostrativas de identificación, conservación y comercialización para proporcionar a la población rural las herramientas necesarias para implementar con éxito la gestión sostenible del recurso, incrementando la capacidad productiva, la seguridad alimentaria y los ingresos obtenidos por parte de las poblaciones vulnerables.
A1. Selección de especies de hongos comestibles de interés
Selección de especies de hongos comestibles de interés que puedan servir como fuente de alimento o para su comercialización incrementando el beneficio económico a la población rural. Para ello se contará de manera participativa (en reuniones y talleres) con la población local.
A2. Diseño de los planes de gestión
Diseño de los planes de gestión y de las acciones concretas para su uso y aprovechamiento sostenible.
A3. Acciones demostrativas
Acciones demostrativas: identificación, conservación y comercialización.
Fichas de gestión del recurso micológico en Etiopia:
Mycological resource management in Ethiopia
Production of Agaricus sp.
Habitat:
- Natural Afromontane forests
- Grazing areas
- Pinus patula plantations
- Eucalyptus grandis plantations
Ecology:
- Agaricus sp. are very diverse species, which appear both in grasslands and in forest areas.
Management guidelines:
- When there is abundance of Agaricus sp. at the edges or in cleared parts of a forest, it is important to maintain the ground cover exclusively with annual herbaceous.
- To achieve this, livestock can be used during the periods of the year that fruit bodies of Agaricus sp. do not appear.
- Also, in grasslands where Agaricus sp. are common, livestock can be temporarily excluded after rainfall previous to intense fruitings.
Use:
- Not all of the more than hundreds species of Agaricus are edible. Non-edible species turn yellow when damaged and have a phenolic smell.
Mycological resource management in Ethiopia
Production of Macrolepiota sp.
Habitat:
- Natural Afromontane forests
- Grazing areas
Ecology:
- Macrolepiota sp. are species which appear in grasslands and Afromontane forests, often at the edges and within clearings.
Management guidelines:
- Herbaceous vegetation promotes the natural fruiting of most Macrolepiota species, either on grasslands or at the edges or in cleared parts of a forest.
- To promote herbaceous vegetation and avoid shrub encroachment, livestock can be used during the periods of the year that fruit bodies of Macrolepiota sp. do not appear.
- In grasslands where Macrolepiota sp. are common, livestock can be temporarily excluded after rainfall previous to intense fruiting.
Use:
- It needs to be cooked before eating
Mycological resource management in Ethiopia
Production of Morchella sp.
Habitat:
Adapted to a wide range of habitats and environmental conditions.
- Some species fruit in non-disturbed forests in association with living trees.
- Others fruit in great abundance with trees that are declining, dying, or recently dead
Management guidelines:
Fruiting triggered by light stand disturbances
- stand thinning,
- selective logging
- controlled burns
For intense management, the production of morels can be reinforced with the introduction of mycelium in the soil in suitable stands.
This requires previous studies about which species occur naturally and strain isolation and spawn production in microbiology laboratories.
Finally, it can be also grown in greenhouses following the same procedure: introduction of large amounts of mycelium in the soil, colonization and expansion phase and induction of fructification.
Mycological resource management in Ethiopia
Production of Suillus luteus
Habitat:
Non-native Pinus plantations.
Ecology:
- Suillus luteusis a pioneer species that typically establishes in the early stages of forest succession.
- The fungus forms mycorrhizal associations with various pine species
Management guidelines:
- Because of its pioneering ecology, it is necessary to maintain the young stands, favoring the rejuvenation of the pine plantations.
- Due to the moderately heliophilic character, it will be interesting to open clearings in the plantations that allow light to enter.
- It would be interesting to study the possibility to favor an evolution of stands towards to the production of Boletus edulis, a species that is more economically valued. There are previous experiences of introducing Boletus outside its natural range of distribution.
Use:
- Cooked before eating.
- Some authors recommend to dicard the glutinous cuticle and tubes before cooking.